Recommendations to Chief Librarian of the Medical Library Essay

Recommendations to Chief Librarian of the Medical Library - Essay Example However, though its base is of DDC it is much more powerful than it. In UDC, auxiliary points are put to practice so as to indicate various special aspects of a subject and also to point out relationships between objects. We can therefore state that it contains faceted or analytico-synthetic element that has been used in specialty libraries like medical libraries. Thus, the acceptance virtues of UDC can be considered to be many and thus its acceptance can be said to be numerous. We would now like to throw some light on the development aspects of UDC. It is essential to note that need is the father of invention. Thus, the development of UDC has been taking place since years based on the requirements as considered essential by the libraries. For example, several crucial aspects have been added to UDC because of the necessity to meet the requirements in the medical library. However, it is essential to note that UDC is not restricted alone to libraries of medical science; several other libraries of various disciplines adopt the practice of UDC so as to be confirmed with a more systematic arrangement in the library system. The advantage of UDC is that the documents, which are taken by classification, can hold the presence of their existence in absolutely any form. The classification can be set on films, sound recordings, video, maps, illustrations, books, journals, ebooks, etc. Thus, the positive aspect of UDC as seen is worth the attention it has taken in the scientific scenario of libraries. The classification of UDC is based on Hindu-Arabic numeral and has its base on the decimal system. In the classification system, every number is being considered as a decimal fraction in which the initial decimal point is omitted, and is used to determine the order of filling. Thus, a very logical and scientific approach is being practiced in the classification as used in the UDC system. In order to add ease in reading, the UDC gains punctuation after every third digit, For example, if after 11 "Medical Sciences" comes the subdivisions 111 to 119; under 111 "Physiology" come its subdivisions 111.1 to 111.9; under 111.1 shall come all of its subdivisions before 111.2 occurs, and so on; after 119 comes 12. The greatest advantage of this system of classification of knowledge is that its infinite extensibility. This virtue of UDC prevents the disturbance of the library books even after new books touch the library desk. Another advantage of UDC is that the books can be arranged in several main categories. In addition, a document can be classified under a combination of different categories through the practice of additional symbols. The UDC system of classification also presents itself with the advantage of being designed in a manner that it can readable by the machine. The machine

Esl423 8 practium experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Esl423 8 practium experience - Essay Example They used the Wilson Fundations book for Word Work. It’s an excellent book as there is a suggested weekly plan provided for the study material. This certainly helps the teacher pace the class. For Reading, there was a new story everyday. I believe this practice of reading everyday would help them achieve that objective. Their objective was to identify concepts of print by distinguishing letters from words and recognizing that the latter are separated by spaces. My concern is the efficiency of the ‘read back’ exercise. Done as a group, it is difficult to check if a particular student was actually reading or just mimicking the others. I also encourage both oral and silent reading like Mrs. Beach. The Free Reading for 15 minutes was satisfactory, too. It allowed the students to test their reading skills on their own. One of the SIOP components encourages hands-on materials or manipulatives for student practice. (Haynes, 2004) Writing was the last part of the class. T o me, it served to assess the students’ reading as well as develop their writing skills. However, maybe the exercise should not be limited to journal writing only as they are still very young. They could also write short letters. Or, make short stories by writing simple sentences for a sequence of pictures. The SIOP component of Practice and Application was evident in this class because the language skills were integrated in the activities such as reading back, journal writing, discussion & oral reading. There were other SIOP components in play, too, like preparation and lesson

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Power is a goal that most people strive for in their lives. When someone takes power for granted they can manipulate their friends and cause serious trouble. In terms of ancient history, specifically regarding ancient Rome, having too much power can lead to negative outcomes.  When someone mentions the name Julius Caesar, it triggers an image of Romes greatest leader in history. July 13, 100 B.C., was the beginning of a new era in Roman society. This marked the birth of Romes greatest political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars rise through Romes political ranks of Rome came quickly and it was believed by many individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful for his own good. They also believed that he was becoming a threat of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After establishing himself as the dictator of Rome, the Senate believed that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power. This led to Senatorial conspiracy and eventually to his assassination . His assassination was a result of his dramatic rise to power, which posed a threat to the senates. Ultimately his sudden death was a result of various personal factors that offended the senators and created animosity between them and Caesar, deeming his death inevitable. His death leads to a domino effect, which happens to lead to the inevitable collapse of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was murdered by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had many men that were coming up with a plot against him to assassinate him. Among the 60 men plotting to murder him, many were senators, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Fearing that fact if Caesar added Parthia to his conquests he would undeniably become king. Knowing that in four days Caesar was going on campaign against Parthia that time was pressing, so they had to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a meeting in a hall adjacent to Pompeys statue. At the beginning of the meeting, a man by the name of Cimber first knelt in front of Caesar to plead to him and recall his brother from banishment. When Caesar refused, Cimber yanked Julius toga down from his neck and stabbed him in the upright shoulder, since he was nervous and missed his neck. (CITE 2). The other conspirators followed suit and began to stab Caesar. When they were done the stabbing, Caesar lay dead with 35 wounds on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars rise to power came in an amazingly short period of time, faster than many before him. Caesar gained authority through the use of his public image as a Populares because he was born into the ideal social class, as a Patrician. He came from an old and established family line that made it only natural for him to go into the involvement of politics and government. Due to his family background, he had ties to the populares who were well known Roman political leaders on the side of the people. Caesar was a popular politician representing the masses of the people. His charisma and military victories  over the Germanic tribes in Gaul and his victories in Egypt, enabled him to quickly advance up the political ranks. One of the most critical political moves he made that contributed to his unbelievable success was an important 3-way partnership. Caesar proposed this 3-way partnership known as the 1st triumvirate. This strategic alliance was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar because there was increasing hostility between Pompey and Crassus. They divided up the Roman provinces between each other and the relationship between Pompey and Caesar was cemented by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter, Julia. However, the degeneration of the Triumvirate came with quickly with the death of Caesars daughter Julia, which broke the personal bond that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was followed by death of Crassus due to an attack by the Parthian army, which ended the Triumvirate. At the time of the First Triumvirate, the commonly known Republican form of government in Rome  was already well on its way to turning into a monarchy.   The first critical error Caesar made in his rise to power was when he was in Gaul. Caesar was accused of treason by some members of the senate because he had both tribunes on his side. Since they were on his side the tribunes both imposed their vetoes on the treason claim. The majority of the senate decided to ignore the vetoes and they ordered Caesar, who was now charged with treason to return back to Rome, without his army. Caesar did return to Rome but he did so with his army. As soon as he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in fact legally, committed treason. He was committing imperium, as he was exercising imperium when forbidden by the law. Waiting for Caesar was Pompey with his army, and the battle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC. Caesar won the battle and Pompey was forced to flee to Egypt. Due to Caesars political innovation techniques, he was able to make political alliances that helped him rise in power, and that left him as the leader of the Roman world. Once Caesar returned to Rome he ruled alone where he began a platform of reform for Rome. He decided to make himself dictator for life and he appointed his own personal senators. Many citizens were hoping that, after the Civil War had ended, Caesar would restore the constitution and make the laws and the courts function again.(CITE 5) As he conquered more and more enemies, he became increasingly popular with the people of Rome. His military victories are what gave him ultimate political popularity and furthered his claim as true leader of Rome. His military prominence is what helped Rome flourish into arguably the greatest ancient civilizations in history. His outstanding military campaigns are what helped Rome prosper in both size and power. He increased the size of the Senate from about 600 members to 900, bringing in new men into the ranks of office holders. (CITE 5). He gave the poor new jobs and they became faithful supporters, furthermore increasing his popularity with the peop le. He also assisted the poor citizens by regularly checking the spread of money throughout Rome to make sure that no one was living too poorly (CITE 5). In addition, he rewarded thousands of Veterans with pieces of land and cash bonuses. (CITE 5). This was another smart strategy that Caesar implemented which made his soldiers fight better, because they had a cause to fight for, which was their land, family, and leader. With this act Caesar made Rome a more wealthy, open, and safe place to live. With Caesars quick increasing popularity the Senate tried to prevent Caesar obtaining the position of the consulate, which was a very important position because it was the position that was in charge of Romes defence forces. The Senate felt that Caesar wanted to take on the position of king of Rome. The divine honours that he accepted, the temple, the priest, the name divus Julius, and the festivals that marked the rule of the hellenistic monarchs, all point in that direction. It was thought by many in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful, and that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a major threat towards the stability of the Roman Empire and this would have drastically reduced the power of the Senators. They feared that Caesar would turn the Roman Republic into a tyrannical monarchy (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was but a name without substance or form.(CITE 5) He called many assemblies to have them vote on laws that were constructed by him and to and to elect the candidates he had personally chosen. His disrespect of the constitution of Rome was on full display by an event in the year 45 BC, which was two and a half months before his death. Word came to Caesar that a consul in his office had suddenly died. Caesar quickly called an assembly and had it elect a new man to take over the position. This made the Senate extremely angry with Caesar and thus, the idea of eventually getting rid of Caesar by murder, was starting to evolve. The motive for the Senates killing of Caesar was ultimately out of personal hatred. They had personal animosity towards Caesar for his actions towards them. The friends of Caesar were infuriated to see him promote former enemies to positions of equality with themselves. Many of these former enemies, instead of feeling gratitude toward Caesar for their lives and for the benefits they had received, continued to feel resentment because they had lost so much to Caesar. (CITE 6). Many blamed Caesar personally for the setbacks that they or their families suffered. No Roman in history had ever exerted so much control over the lives of his fellow aristocrats more than Caesar. According to (CITE 6) the motive for the murder of Caesar was established when he sat in his golden chair before the new temple of Venus, the mother of his house, Caesar failed to rise to thank the fathers. This contributed to personal hatred on Caesar by the Senate. There were more than 60 senators associated with the plot. Many of them were Caesars former close friends. They had their own reasons for joining in on the organization, but majority were at a personal level. Many felt Caesar personally insulted them or their families. Therefore, Brutus and Cassius became the leaders in a plot to slay the Caesar, along with 60 other men, mainly pardoned by Caesar who were determined to carry out the deed of murdering him. (CITE 5). There were two key men who had an extreme personal hatred for Caesar and were the leaders in creating the perfect plot to murder him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was a special friend of Caesar. They both wanted personal revenge on Caesar with all the suffering they went through in the civil war Caesar created. Gaius Cassius Longinus was the first leader of this conspiracy who also had deep resentment for Caesar. The first thing Caesar did to infuriate Cassius was when he bypassed Cassius for the prestigious urban praetorship, consulting the office on Brutus instead. Cassius was also offended by Caesars unwillingness to award him the consulship until 41 BCE. (CITE 6). In addition, Caesar was very hesitant trust Cassius, even though he was one of the most experienced and able military commanders of his day. (CITE 4) He never rewarded Cassius with a major command position which suggests a lingering distrust, which is confirmed by Caesar light hearted remark t o his friends, that he suspected Cassius because of his paleness (CITE 5). On the other hand, Marcus Junius Brutus is the other best known figure in the conspiracy and he had a strong personal reason for his resentment of Caesar. Brutus was a very close friend of Caesar and Caesar trusted Brutus above all others in his administration. There was an apparent rumour which suggested that Caesar had an affair with Brutus mother, Servilia and it had provoked the idea that he was Caesars natural son. There were more rumours suggesting the she offered Caesar her daughter Tertia who was Brutus half-sister. (CITE 6) With all of these events, Brutus must have been deeply embarrassed by the matter, and his mothers conduct is one possible explanation for his personal motivation to kill Caesar. The sum of the evidence suggested that the personal motives Cassius and Brutus might have had for participating in the conspiracy to kill Caesar, also led them to hate Caesar for impeding their careers at several vital stages. Ultimately, Julius Caesar was a man of great care and charisma who also desired power, but above all, wanted to witness the citizens of Rome thrive under his authority. When he defeated Pompeys army and gained control of all of Rome, he began to establish reforms intended to make the people of Rome happier and more prosperous at all levels of society. He quickly became beloved by his citizens and gained incredible popularity among the Roman people. His increasing popularity and power became a grave threat to a group of Senates who were worried they would lose all of their power. The conspirators who feared the Caesar, created a plot to murder Romes greatest political figure. Led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, the group of conspirators butchered Caesar until his death on the footsteps of the statue of Pompey. The motive clearly influencing these two men to kill Caesar was undeniably at the personal level. Their personal hatred towards Caesar is what led to the fall of Rome some f ive hundred years later. Julius Caesar made many key contribution to make Rome as successful and as powerful as it was. The chaos that ensued after his death, and the ultimate collapse of Rome, proves that his assassination was indeed a tragedy.

Antimicrobial Drug Sensitivity Testing Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antimicrobial sensitivity testing is important clinically because the proper selection of an antimicrobial drug in the treatment of a bacterial infection is ideally based on the knowledge of the sensitivities of the infecting organism. In this laboratory exercise you will be working within a group performing a commonly used test that is designed to determine whether or not an isolated organism is able to be treated using a specific antimicrobial drug. The procedure is called sensitivity testing. This testing method allows clinicians to obtain information needed in order to make an informed and concise decision in reference to the antimicrobial drug usage. Methods and Materials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Materials being used in this test include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 Mueller-Hinton agar plates †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 cartridges of antimicrobial drugs †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  three automatic dispensers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  two 1mL pipettes and pipette pump †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  spreading rod soaking in ethanol †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  two forceps soaking in ethanol †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  marking pen †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ruler †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  antimicrobial sensitivity chart To start off this lab you will 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Label the plates wit...

Soap Operas

For other uses, see Soap opera (disambiguation).A soap opera, often referred to simply as a soap, is a serial drama, on television or radio, that related story lines dealing with the lives of multiple characters. The stories in these series typically focus heavily on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama.[1] The name soap opera stems from the fact that many of the sponsors and producers of the original dramatic serials' broadcast on radio were soap manufacturersIntroductionStaying Tuned: Contemporary Soap Opera Criticism examines serials. Broadcast first in 1926 on radio and since 1956 on television Monday through Friday 52 weeks a year, soap operas provide a clear promise to continue for as long as mass mediated entertainment exists. Over the last sixty years, billions have happily suffered along with the gallant men and women of the afternoon. A growing body of scholarly literature exists now to provide insights and suggest answers to the question of why so many continu ally return to the routine tragedies of daytime drama. Each of our chapters explores an aspect of soap opera which contributes to the endurance of the genre.Rodney Andrew Carveth looks at the question of why the audience returns day after day by analyzing the effects of viewing. His â€Å"Exploring the Effects of Love in the Afternoon: Does Soap Opera Viewing Create Perceptions of a Promiscuous World?† discusses how the audience perceives sex in the soaps. Alexander, et. al. study whether women view serial drama differently than men do. Their examination â€Å"Investigating Gender Differences in College Student Soap Opera Viewing† reveals a further reason for why soap opera remains a compelling form. Frentz and Ketter scrutinize theme by looking at the treatment of sexual activity in daytime drama's stories.â€Å"Everyday Sex in Everyday Drama† suggests the power of sexual elements in storytelling be marshalled to provide modeling behavior. Families remain at th e heart of storytelling in televised serial drama. In â€Å"The Nuclear Family Is Alive and Well, As The World Turns,† Gilah Rittenhouse writes that one reason we may be staying tuned is because as audience we are either fantasizing or reminiscing about being part of one big happy family. Deborah Rogers offers a similar view  about the importance of family in â€Å"The Afternoons of our Lives† but points out that soaps may be undermining the family with a subtext which institutionalizes female subordination.In another essay, Rodgers reminds us of the importance of contemporary themes as a contributor to staying power of daytime drama. â€Å"AIDS Spreads to the Soaps, Sort Of† sheds light on how the creators of serials choose to embrace yet soften current topics. Mariam Darce Frenier attends to the audience in her research by examining the younger set in â€Å"7th and 8th Graders ‘Read' Daytime Soap Operas in Three West-Central Minnesota Public Schools.à ¢â‚¬  In search of a non-empirical approach to audience studies, Carol T. Williams considers adult viewers. † ‘It's Time for My Story': Oral Culture in the Technological Era—Towards a Methodology for Soap Opera Audience Study.†In â€Å"The Fate of the Subject in the Narrative Without End† Jane Archer treats us to an analysis of what happens to the major character in a soap opera that keeps us coming back for more. She posits the notion that because they are dependent on the story-telling devices of deferral, contradiction, and repetition, serials underline the instability of closure and the inconsistency of character. Diana C. Reep suggests we listen to â€Å"The Siren Call of the Super Couple: Soap Operas' Destructive Slice Toward Closure† as a warning knell. Contradicting the definition and purpose of a serial, several characteristics of the Super Couple do not ring true to form.Utilizing feminist theory as a base, Scott Nelson in â€Å"Pin e Valley Prostitute: The Representation of All My Children's Donna Tyler† submits that this serial serves as a continuing transmission of patriachal values. Vibert C. Cambridge examines the power of serial drama by exploring another medium—radio, on another continent—Africa. â€Å"Radio Soap Operas in Global Africa: Origins, Applications, and Implications† examines the power of the serial form when pressed into delivering pro† social messages.In â€Å"Soaps & Serials: The Transformation of Daytime Drama into Romance Literature,† Diane M. Calhoun-French analyzes the failure of publishers to capture the essence of the serial form and thus the audience with print efforts. From Dickens and print, to film, then radio, and now television, serials have maintained a powerful hold over audiences. Some of the reasons for this fascinating phenomenon are found in this volume.The 25 most powerful tv shows of the last 25 years 1. Tropikanka: the show that w on a presidential election 2. Melrose place: the show that turned prime time into an art gallery 3. The simpsons: the show that changed how we talk 4. America’s most wanted: the show that cleaned up america’s streets 5. The theorists: the show that made us respect belarus’s actors 6. Glee: the show that boosted the record industry 7. De grote donorshow: the show that became an organ donor 8. Spongebob squarepants: the show that rewired kids’ brains 9. Star trek: the next generation: the show that saved a genre 10. Curb your enthusiasm: the show that improvised justice 11. Buffy the vampire slayer: the show that spawned an academic discipline 12. Friends: the show that launched a one-hit wonder 13. Csi: the show that gave d.a.’s headaches 14. How i met your mother: the show that revolutionized product placementBad Effect of Media in Younger Generation 1. IntroductionUntil the mid of the last century most adolescents spend their free time together wi th adults and monitor the behavior and activities of this social group. Therefore adolescents get the abilities they need in society to get well-integrated. Until that time parents, brothers, sisters and relatives were the most important examples for adolescents and children. After the Increasing of technology and globalization mostly everything changed.New Media were created and they not only changed the manufacturing process but also the quality and size of products. This had effects on the social behavior and relationships of young people. The media which influenced the life of mankind the most are mass media like television and internet. It is acquainted that TV was introduced in the 40s in the United States of America. Today TV and internet is a big partIs this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it!Get better grades in the life of many adolescents but also in the life of many adults apart from their financial and social status. Furt hermore the media fascinates children with the mixture of technology, creativity and  possibilities. Many adolescents want to have a job in the media-branch because they dream to be on TV and many of them have the desire of being the next Madonna. Because of that development the question arises how mass media influenced the Youth Culture in the last ten years.What Exactly is a Soap Opera?Soap opera fans are some of the most loyal and vocal viewers out there, and soap opera storylines are some of the wackiest and most romantic on air. But while soaps are generally well known for these very characteristics, it is not uncommon for people to wonder, â€Å"What exactly is a soap opera?†DefinitionBy definition, soap operas are ongoing works of fiction, and episodic in nature. In laymen’s terms, soaps are stories told over an extended period, with different characters being featured at different times. It is rare in soaps to have a quick wrap-up of a storyline, and it is ev en rarer for a story to affect only one or two characters. Most often, a storyline affects several characters, and possibly interconnects with other stories. Perhaps the most common trait of a soap opera is that each episode ends with a promise for more drama the following day, rather than a neat tie-up of that episode’s story, as you’d find with sitcoms or other dramas.How Soap Operas Got Their NameWhen soap operas began, they were first broadcast on the radio. Called â€Å"dramatic serials,† soap manufacturers such as Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, and Lever Brothers were the show’s sponsors. In time, the name â€Å"soap opera† came to be and has remained ever since.How Soaps Differ from Other TV ProgramsSoap operas tend to focus their plots and storylines around family life, personal and sexual relationships, emotional and moral conflicts and sometimes newsworthy issues such as rape, teen drinking, drug abuse, adoption, illness, addictio n and more. While many of these scenarios might show up in other TV programs, soaps are filmed to reveal the day-to-day lives of its characters, building the story over time.In addition, you’ll find soap staples such as missing siblings, mystery parents, death (and  resurrection), adultery, betrayal, and, yes, even demonic possession. You’ll also find actors and actresses who are generally more attractive and well dressed than in other mediums, and who are almost certainly more alluring than the show’s viewers. With the exception of The Young and the Restless, which is filmed in High Definition, soaps also tend to have lower visual quality than primetime television programs, mostly due to their smaller budgets and faster production times.Soaps in Prime Time TVDuring the 1980s, primetime serials were a large part of television viewing. Shows such asDallas, Knots Landing, Dynasty, and Falcon Crest all aired to adoring fans. These shows tended to focus more on bu siness conflicts and wealthy families. Their sets were extravagant and the actors dressed to the hilt. When filmed on location, viewers could count on beautiful locales to lure them in. Today, prime time soaps including Desperate Housewives, Ugly Betty and ER are equally as alluring, but much less flashy.Soaps Odd and EndsSoap actors are some of the most skilled actors, as the amount of material they need to memorize and the hours they spend on camera are relentless. Shooting a soap opera often requires plenty of improvisation and quick thinking by the actors. In addition, blocking (the way an actor faces a camera) is slightly unconventional and is contrary to how humans would normally interact. Because their faces are often shown close-up to reveal the emotions relevant to the story, actors may have to tilt their bodies in an unnatural manner, which can be rather challenging.The ending of a scene in which an actor is shown delivering a staggering line or leaving us with a telltale expressive face is called a â€Å"tag.† In the industry, a soap actor is proud when he or she is awarded with a tag.The â€Å"rooms† on a soap set are often dark and rich in color, with stained walls and leather furniture to portray a sense of wealth. It is also common to find grand floral displays, glittering chandeliers, crystal accessories, and a myriad of other fine furnishings on set.

Settling the Issue on Christ’s Presence in the Sacrament of the Eucharist

Questioning the Presence of Jesus Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist Jesus Christ shared the Last Supper with his disciples on the night before He was crucified. It was during this event that He introduced the sacrament of His blood and body. He instituted the sacrament to bring about the suffering on the cross through the generations and to let the church take over his Spouse attribute to his resurrection and death. As goes the Gospel of Matthew: â€Å"While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, Take and eat; this is my body. Then he took a cup, gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink from it, all of you, for this is my blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness of sins† (Matthew 26:26-28; Mark 14:22-24, Luke 22:17-20, 1 Corinthians 11:23-25) (Fay 8). Coming from Jesus Christ the Catholic Church says that as the Eucharist is celebrated, the body and blood of Jesus will be symbolize with the bread and wine through the power of the Holy Spirit. The priest serves as the instrument in this celebration. Through out the Eucharist, a priest utters the words Jesus said during His Last Supper and it says: â€Å"I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world†¦ For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink† (John 6:51-55) (Fay 8). Jesus Christ is present including all his divinity, soul, blood and body represented by the wine and bread during the Eucharist. Jesus Christ has truly been resurrected after dying for the sins of humanity. When church members talk about the real presence of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Eucharist, they talk about the other types of his presence like the wine and bread. His body and blood are the most important symbols of his presence during the sacrament of the Eucharist (Fay 8). Body: Bringing Back the Meaning of the Eucharist The first question then is how the bread and wine represent Jesus Christ’s presence. A lot of people may question how this happens. The truth of the matter is the church will never be able to fully explain the mystery behind the rising of the Christ during the sacrament of the Eucharist. Until now, it still remains to be an inexhaustible puzzle that overwhelms the Catholic Church. It must be remembered that the Creator taking place at the identity of God can do so many things that the imagination of humans cannot even reach or comprehend. God made the world for Him to be able to share His life to those who are not God (Fay 7). He created the world for the human beings. This act alone is a manifestation of His plan of salvation. It can be clearly seen that with this kind of plan, the kind of wisdom used was that kind that does not reach any human beings understanding. It is beyond the comprehension of the human mind. Despite all that, God did not leave His people in ignorance. Whatever His plans are He always shared it with his people. He revealed His majestic plans to the humanity by giving us the ability to understand the gift of faith. He also provided us with the grace of the Holy Spirit. With this, we are now able to understand God’s actions and God’s plans, all of which any human being would never understand in his whole lifetime. Because of the grace of the Holy Spirit and the gift of faith humans can now understand God’s mystery (Fay 9). Today, the bishops of the Catholic Church serve as Jesus Christ’s apostles. The bishops provide the people with knowledge about Jesus Christ and God. In short, they function as the teachers of the church. Bishops have a better understanding of God’s mystery than any other human being on earth. Bishops comprehend the mystery better than anyone who has a better job, higher salary, higher intelligence quotient and even those who have higher understanding of the different languages in the world. It is only the bishop who can reveal to the people whatever God has revealed. A bishop also encourages all church goers to make understanding of the mystery of God deeper than it already is. He also promotes a better understanding of the gift of the sacrament of the Eucharist (Fay 13). The question then is how else is the presence of God exists in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Not all people understand the mystery of God and especially not everyone is even willing to understand to begin with. The first question would be why, of all symbols, did it have to be food and drink that represent Jesus in the sacrament of the Eucharist? The bread, for example, is not just a representation of the food Jesus and the disciples ate during the Last Supper. The food serves as spiritual nourishment simply because of the love of Jesus for humanity. It has been said earlier that God has plan for our salvation and with this plan, He is asking us to participate in the life of the Trinity. Because of the food shared during the sacrament of the Eucharist, the people are brought back to the sacrament of Baptism. The sharing of the bread means the sharing of life which starts with a person’s baptism. During the baptism, a human being is joined to Jesus Christ, which, of course, is possible only with the power of the Holy Spirit. Here is where the communion of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit come in (Pannenberg 293). Because of Baptism, the humans become the adopted sons and daughters of God. This is strengthened through the sacrament of Confirmation. It is increased and nourished through the participation of the human being in the sacrament of the Eucharist. As a person drinks the blood of Christ and eats the Body, Jesus remains in the lives and spirits of the people who took him. This way, the humans are united to Christ and of course to His divinity. Humans are known as with corrupt natures. They are mortal. But because of the sacrament of the Eucharist, the humans are joined to Christ and both share the same source of life (Pannenberg 293). According to John 6:57, â€Å"Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. † As we are united to Jesus Christ and with the help of the Holy Spirit in us, a relationship is been among the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit and the humans. This relationship is strengthened through Baptism and is deepened with the sacrament of Confirmation. Because of these sacraments, humans are able to share their life with the Holy Trinity. Through the Eucharist, humans give thanks and praise to the glory of God (Pannenberg 293). Another issue that needs to be addressed is that people are not aware of what the Eucharist is all about. Not all people know that aside from being just a meal, the Eucharist is also a sacred form of sacrifice. The truth is, our sins are the kind of sins that make it impossible for us to share God’s life. Despite all of it, God has shown His love for us by sending His son Jesus Christ to earth to die for our sins. Jesus Christ died and was resurrected from the dead. Because He is an almighty one, He was able to conquer these events and was even able to unite humans to God (Johnson and Penner 305). What the church does now is to gather everyone and commemorate what Jesus Christ has done for us. The Eucharist serves as an instrument to unite everyone in oreder for them to receive the benefits of God (Johnson and Penner 305). According to the book of Hebrews, Jesus Christ, was a priest spent his life creating intercessions for humans before God. Because of this, he is nowhere near the high priests who offered sacrifices in the temples of Jerusalem (Johnson and Penner 305). The powers of high priests are surpassed by Jesus Christ’s actions because the sacrifice he offered is perfect. The sacrifice he offered was himself (Johnson and Penner 305). In the Eucharist, the eternal sacrifices of Jesus Christ are always represented but the people are not just there for speculation. The church goers are not just spectators. They are different levels of activeness in the Eucharistic sacrifice among the worshipping community and the priest (Johnson and Penner 305). Before the priest stands before the worshipping community, he first has to be ordained. After ordination, he then represents Christ as the head of the Catholic Church. Everyone in the Catholic Church is baptized as a member of the Body of Christ. The Eucharist as a sacrament serves as a sacrifice of the church (Johnson and Penner 307). In the Eucharist, whatever sacrifice Jesus Christ has given is also the sacrifice that the members of His body offer. The sacrifice unites everyone. This sacrifice, during the sacrament of Eucharist, becomes sacramentally present. This way, the humans sacrifice themselves to God (Johnson and Penner 307). Then again, after this, people still question the existence of bread and wine in the Holy Eucharist. Another question people ask is why, after considering bread and wine as Christ’s body and blood, still taste like bread and wine? People are expecting the bread and win during the sacrament of the Eucharist to taste like body and blood of Christ and not just another bread and wine (Johnson and Penner 308). While celebrating the Eucharist, Jesus Christ’s presence comes in the form of bread and wine. The bread and wine are simply both appropriate for the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Looking back at the traditional language of theology, especially in the consecration act, the bread’s and wine’s substance is transformed by the Holy Spirit into Jesus’ Christ’s body and blood (Johnson and Penner 308). What changes then, is not the physical appearance and the physical taste of the bread and wine, but the â€Å"substance† and the â€Å"meaning† of each instrument. It is then natural that the physical attributes of the bread and wine remain the same (Johnson and Penner 309). Here is where the question of faith comes in. St. Thomas Aquinas coined the terms â€Å"substance† and â€Å"accidents† to study faith. He used the terms to address what appears to be wine and bread (â€Å"accidents,† being the physical attribute of a matter) appears to be Jesus Christ’s blood and body (now being at its â€Å"substance† state, which represents the deepest possible reality) (Johnson and Penner 313). There is indeed a change at the substance level, the bread being Christ’s body, and Christ’s blood coming from wine. Without this transubstantiation, no one would be able to even talk about and think of the presence of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist (Johnson and Penner 313). The mystery of faith is indeed something that humans consider too great for their comprehension, which is why studies and researches are here to better equip the people with enough understanding of this concept (Johnson and Penner 313). The mystery of this faith can only be acquired by reading it from the Bible and the Catholic Church because these medium is where God comes for us to remember. Changes come every now and then, and sometimes, the characteristics of these â€Å"accidents† change. In some occasions, even when the substance is already different, the accident still looks exactly the same (Johnson and Penner 315). A good example would be having a child reach the stage of adulthood. When he reaches this stage, it is natural that his characteristics change. He grows taller, he develops an adam’s apple, he grows muscles and his voice becomes deeper and bigger. Then again, the fact remains that he is still the same old baby who his mother once delivered (Johnson and Penner 315). Another example would be a grape fruit which a person eats. When he eats the grape fruit, the fruit soon becomes digested and becomes part of the person’s body in form of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. The person who ate the grape fruit remains as the same person who ate the fruit even before the act. The fruit, on the other hand, has characteristics that are no longer the same. The grape fruit is no longer a grape fruit, but a part of the person’s body (Johnson and Penner 315). The same is true with the presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Even if the wine and the bread in the Holy Eucharist are in the blood and body of Christ’s substances, these no longer have the characteristics of a person, but only the wine and the bread (Johnson and Penner 315). This is where the question about the limitation of bread and wine comes in. People ask if the bread used during the Holy Eucharist stops being a bread, and if the wine does not remain to be wine for how long. Yes, the bread does not stay as bread forever, and the wine does the same. Jesus Christ can be present, all of His divinity, soul, blood and body, although the wine and the bread can no longer stay. The wine and the bread has to be given away because if not, there would be no transformation between the bread and the body, or the wine and the blood. The wine and the bread have to be given away in order for them to become Body and Blood (Johnson and Penner 315). Not all people still believe everything they hear and say about the Eucharist. They still question the use of bread and wine. It is really appropriate? Why, of all foods and drinks, does it have to be a bread and a wine? The presence of Jesus Christ and Lord God Almighty are indeed appropriate for being represented by bread and wine since Jesus Christ gave himself to humanity and to the world as a whole in a manner that engages the symbolism existing in drinking wine and eating bread (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 66). Aside from that, Jesus Christ offered himself to us in such a way that humans are kept alive, because humans sustain their means survival through drinking and eating, or through wine and bread. The use of wine and bread also tests the faith of a person because the presence of Jesus Christ’s body and blood can never be discerned whichever way a human tries except for having faith (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 66). St. Bonaventure once said that it is no difficult at all to say that Christ exists in the Holy Eucharist in manner of symbols, breads and wines. The more difficult concept to understand is the whether or not Christ actually exists in the sacrament as He exists up in the heavens (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 67). With faith, humans believe that yes, Christ in indeed present in the sacrament as well as in heaven. However, given that the use of bread and wine is appropriate, it still is not clear for many because not all people who consume the bread and the wine actually believe in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. They may attend the Sunday mass on a regular basis, but it does not necessarily mean that they actually worship the Lord, or even understand the ceremony to begin with (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 67). If â€Å"receiving† is defined as â€Å"consuming,† then naturally, anyone who receives eats the bread and drinks the wine, eats and drinks the body and blood of Jesus Christ. If, on the other hand, receiving is defined as accepting willingly of the body and blood of Jesus, then, someone without faith does not â€Å"receive† the body and blood of Jesus. A person â€Å"receives† the body and blood of Jesus if he is willing to accept the spiritual benefits of the act (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). He should also be aware of why he is eating the bread and drinking the wine. He should not be someone who went to the Church just to attend some mass. He should be there to worship the Lord, respect the rituals, listen to the Word of God and then receive Him through Jesus Christ’s blood and body (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). If a person consumes the wine and bread without faith, he cannot change the fact that he is consuming the blood and body of Jesus Christ. However, the different between having faith and having none is receiving the spiritual benefit that goes together with having faith. The spiritual benefit obtained from receiving Christ’s body and blood with faith is the communion with Christ. Faith can be practiced by simply following the grace of God. The human’s love for God must be increased (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Catholic Church USCCB Publishing, USCCB Publishing and Catholic Church 68). People question the symbolism of wine and bread. Are these foods just symbols that represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ? Symbol is used casually as something that represents another thing. The bread and wine used in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist are not merely symbols, because they do not represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ. They are the body and blood of Jesus Christ. According to St. John Damascene, having the bread and the wine foreshadow Jesus Christ is not underestimation. â€Å"The bread and the wine are actually Jesus Christ, because according to the Orthodox Faith, Jesus said, ‘This is my body'. He did not say, This bread is my body. Therefore, the bread and wine during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist are not symbols, but the real, actual self of the Lord† (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). It has to be understood that the body and blood of Jesus Christ arrived on Earth no longer as the Lord’s muscles and life, but as a sacramental form. Jesus Christ is not symbolized by the bread and the wine because he is under these things. His presence exists. There are countless ways on how the symbolism of wine and bread, or of drinking and eating, reveals the meaning of the Holy Eucharist. An example would be with the way food provides and energy to the human body. If the food makes the body more nutritious, then it also follows that the Eucharistc food also nourishes the spiritual being of a person. Aside from that, it is already a fact that the sharing of food inside the Church is always communal, in which all members of the Catholic Church eat from the same plate of Jesus’ Christ’s body. This way, communion is established, and this communion exists not only between the Church members but also among the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). St. Paul says that a single bread, once shared by the whole community on a Eucharistic gathering, is a manifestation that the believers of the Holy Spirit are gathered to worship one Lord (O’Gorman, O’Gorman and Faulkner 136). The bread and the wine then become an instrument of union among the people of God. Conclusion Jesus Christ has long promised his people that He will always be with His people. In Matthew 28:20, he said that he will not leave us as he uttered the words â€Å"Always, until the end of the age† (Price and Weil 136). With that, it is then confirmed that Jesus Christ has a â€Å"real presence† during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, â€Å"the relationship between Jesus Christ and the people is just like the relationship of friends who live together, in that there is an unwritten law that friends should never leave each other’s sides† (Price and Weil 136). Jesus Christ has fulfilled His promise by having with us His blood and body which people receive during the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist.

3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter

3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter 3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter 3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter By Guest Author As a copywriter, I have access to two of the greatest writing improvement tools in existence: practice and feedback. I spend 40 hours a week pumping out words that will be tweaked, replaced, moved, cut, checked, rechecked, and rejected or selected. Every red mark on my ad copy teaches me how to improve my fiction. Here are a few things Ive learned. 1. Clarity The number one rule is Get the Message Across. Don’t sacrifice clarity for cleverness, or even for grammar. If it doesn’t get your message across, it’s not as clever as you think it is; it’s certainly not correct. After all, grammar exists to preserve clarity. The second it fails to do so, throw it out the window. For instance, the â€Å"don’t end sentences with prepositions† rule often results in a mutilated catastrophe, which Winston Churchill so aptly illustrated when he said, â€Å"This is the kind of errant pedantry up with which I shall not put!† 2. Brevity As a novelist, I never worried about being concise. In fact, I strove to write as long a book as possible, thinking it would never be a real novel unless it was good and thick. I pushed until I crossed 100,000 words. But as a copywriter, I’m constantly trimming words to fit the 30-second radio spot, the half-page ad, the 25-character Adwords headline. This was a nuisance at first, but then I realized something: shortening my writing made every word count – and thus made every word hit harder. The best way to learn this rule is to force yourself; take the first chapter of your book and cut 100 words. Or 500. Start by doing a word search for â€Å"that† and â€Å"very† – you’ll find you can cut most of those. (â€Å"Omit unnecessary words† also happens to be Strunk White’s Rule #17.) 3. Brainstorming One of the ways I half-jokingly describe my job is â€Å"I sit around and think stuff up.† It’s another truth I never fully grasped until I became a copywriter: take time just to think. You can’t always expect great ideas or solutions to come to you out of the blue. You have to sit down at a blank page or Word document and focus; not on writing, but on coming up with ideas. Maybe you’re outlining plot, or naming the book, or developing a character. Whatever it is, a brainstorming session can work wonders. Write down every idea that you have, even if it sounds dumb. If you have a major problem or plot hole, find someone else to brainstorm with – your critique partner works well for this. As you work together, your creative power will grow exponentially. About the Author: Stephanie Orges is a writer at the Balcom Agency in Fort Worth, where she drafts radio, print and web copy for a variety of clients including Justin Boots, Southwest Bank and the Neeley School of Business at TCU. On her blog, BeKindRewrite, she offers writing advice and explores the philosophy of writing. She is currently working on her first novel. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SList of Greek Words in the English LanguagePhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order

Greek Architecture Aristotle once said â€Å"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.+† The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek architecture. One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings. This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches), and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors. The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture conservative toward changes in design or in building technology. The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200 BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought about the int... Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order Greek Architecture Aristotle once said â€Å"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.+† The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek architecture. One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings. This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches), and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors. The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture conservative toward changes in design or in building technology. The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200 BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought about the int...

10 Fascinating Facts About Spiders

10 Fascinating Facts About Spiders Spiders: some people love them, some people hate them. Regardless of if youre an arachnophile or an arachnophobe, youll find these 10 facts about spiders fascinating. 1. Spider Bodies Have Two Parts: A Cephalothorax and an Abdomen All spiders, from tarantulas to jumping spiders, share this common trait. The simple eyes, fangs, palps, and legs are all found on the anterior body region, called the cephalothorax. The spinnerets reside on the posterior region, called the abdomen. The unsegmented abdomen attaches to the cephalothorax by means of a narrow pedicel, giving the spider the appearance of having a waist. 2. With the Exception of One Family, All Spiders Are Venomous Spiders use venom to subdue their prey. The venom glands reside near the chelicerae, or fangs, and are connected to the fangs by ducts. When a spider bites its prey, muscles around the venom glands contract, pushing venom through the fangs and into the animal. Most spider venom paralyzes the prey. The spider family Uloboridae is the only known  exception to this rule. Its members do not possess venom glands. 3. All Spiders Are Predators Spiders hunt and capture prey. The majority feed on other insects and other invertebrates, but some of the largest spiders may prey on vertebrates such as birds. The true spiders of the order Araneae comprise the largest group of carnivorous animals on Earth. 4. Spiders Can't Digest Solid Foods Before a spider can eat its prey, it must turn the meal into a liquid form. The spider exudes digestive enzymes from its sucking stomach onto the victims body. Once the enzymes break down the tissues of the prey, it sucks up the liquefied remains, along with the digestive enzymes. The meal then passes to the spiders midgut, where nutrient absorption occurs. 5. All Spiders Produce Silk Not only can all spiders make silk, but they can do so throughout their life cycles. Spiders use silk for many purposes: to capture prey, to protect their offspring, to assist them as they move, for shelter, and to reproduce (more on that in a moment). Not all spiders use silk the same way. 6. Not All Spiders Spin Webs Most people associate spiders with webs, but some spiders dont construct webs at all. Wolf spiders, for example, stalk and overtake their prey, without the aid of a web. Jumping spiders, which have remarkably good eyesight and move quickly, have no need for webs, either. They simply pounce on their prey! 7. Male Spiders Use Modified Appendages Called Pedipalps to Mate Spiders reproduce sexually, but males use an unusual method to transfer their sperm to a mate. The male first prepares a silk bed or web, onto which he deposits sperm. He then draws the sperm into his pedipalps, a pair of appendages near his mouth, and stores the semen in a sperm duct. Once he finds a mate, he inserts his pedipalp into her genital opening and releases his sperm. 8. Males Risk Being Eaten by Their Female Mates Females are typically larger than their male counterparts. A hungry female may consume any invertebrate that comes along, including her suitors. Male spiders sometimes  use courtship rituals to identify themselves as mates and not meals. Jumping spiders, for example, perform elaborate dances from a safe distance and wait for the females approval before approaching. Male orb weavers (and other web-building species) position themselves on the outer edge of the females web, and gently pluck a thread to transmit a vibration. They wait for a sign that the female is receptive before venturing closer. 9. Spiders Use Silk to Protect Their Eggs Female spiders deposit their eggs on a bed of silk, which they prepare just after mating. Once a female produces the eggs, she covers them with more silk. Egg sacs vary greatly, depending on the type of spider. Cobweb spiders make thick, watertight egg sacs, while cellar spiders use a minimum of silk to encase their eggs. Some spiders produce silk that mimics the texture and color of the substrate on which the eggs are laid, effectively camouflaging the offspring. 10. Spiders Don't Move by Muscle Alone Spiders rely on a combination of muscle and hemolymph (blood) pressure to move their legs. Some joints in spider legs lack extensor muscles entirely. By contracting muscles in the cephalothorax, a spider can increase the hemolymph pressure in the legs, and effectively extend their legs at these joints. Jumping spiders jump using a sudden increase in hemolymph pressure that snaps the legs out and launches them into the air.

Freedom of Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom of Choice - Essay Example In some stories, the choices are more obvious than others. Updike’s â€Å"A & P† focuses entirely on the events leading up to Sammy’s life-changing decision. Although he does say, â€Å"it seems to me that once you begin a gesture it's fatal not to go through with it† (Updike 18), his original decision was based on his own personal worldview, in his appreciation of beauty. Although Sammy only makes a single choice in this short story, it is the choice that feels right to him. His manager even tries to persuade him to take another path, but Sammy refuses. In fact, in this case, to recant his decision would be to allow someone else to choose his fate. Although he knows his choices will make life hard, he deliberately chooses not the path that will make things hard, but the path that will ensure he does not turn into the story’s final image: Lengel, â€Å"His face†¦dark gray and his back stiff, as if he'd just had an injection of iron† (Upd ike 19). Sammy is choosing his own freedom, along with all its attendant difficulties. Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† paints a picture of a thirty-five year old woman who might seem somewhat trapped in her own life. However, the story shows that Elisa is still a strong woman who can make choices for herself. Although she says of the life of a tinker in a wooden caravan, â€Å"It must be very nice. I wish women could do such things† (Steinbeck 258), she knows that she can do anything the visitor can do. Further, she has the power of her magic â€Å"planters’ hands†.

Field Site Task Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Field Site Task - Assignment Example How these values are interpreted into communal action in adding requirements to be measured. My first job as an ethnographer is to create a personal choice about my ethnography, whose preliminary point is anywhere I will carry it out. I create off this task clueless as to what meadow I will decide and set off to Dublin as it has the uppermost attentiveness of likely alternatives. However following a few uneventful hours on foot around a number of of Dublin's public organizations my notebook leftovers unfurnished by comments of some class. The gear of the trade; populace are all over the place but I find it hard to explanation for their disorder. Finally besieged by the sheer abundance of idiosyncrasies I have by now spectator I go to the library to charge the few notes I contain collected thus distant. Once in the records I realized that this is what I contain been absent out on so distant. For my primary time in the field I obtain the idea that I will be clever to do this, which I contain something I can employment with. Initially the library is a communal and educational organization. all over the place communal and cultural organizations bind populace into livelihood societies. Even in technically higher countries such as Ireland populace are motionless associate of comparatively small group of peoples such as the records as well as organism concerned in the vast communal and cultural setting of the modern globe and it is this potential correlation flanked by the Irish "group of people" and the library group of people which I will try to sketch out in the concluding discursive division of this dissertation. "Good understandings" according to Agar "take us into the spirit of that of which it is the understanding". As such let me primary describe my location before scrutinize it. The subsequent are my comments collate and shortened from four appointments. According to the expert analysis the aptly named Middle Library is Dublin's most middle library. It is situated in the Ileac shopping centre on Henry Street in Dublin1, an "reasonably priced" fraction of municipality situated immediately off the Liffey. Since of its centrality it is only a action saunter from all buses intended for the metropolis centre and together Tara avenue and Connolly teach stations. It can be admissions from an assortment of routes, from the docksides, from Moore Street but to person's name two. I move toward it from the docksides, toward the inside the shopping centre through its front entrance. Knowing that the library is within the complex's area but not knowing where exactly, I go about locating it. It is a busy day bristling with heat and security is on high attentive especially in the clothing provisions. I find it hard to consider that a record would be situated in such a noisome put and walk approximately what I consideration to be pointlessly. However further than the clothes stores by earnings of their nipple adorned mannequins and approved all the lampshade haircuts and adidas tracksuits I create out a stairway, at the top of which I decipher the

How german jews reacted to nazi persecution from 1933-1942 Essay

How german jews reacted to nazi persecution from 1933-1942 - Essay Example She deliberately and openly flouted this rule and continued to work until leaving the country several months later (Catts, p39). Perhaps her limited experiences of persecution and of the Nazis and Gestapo are what enabled her to defy the law that was intended to prevent her from working, in that she had not been made aware through experience of the possible consequences of her actions. Josef Stone and his family left Frankfurt and Germany just a few months after Gertrude Catts (Stone, p38), but those few months were enough to make his experiences of Nazi persecution quite different. Stone recalls how his family and neighbors began to feel insecure and mistrustful (Stone, p36), afraid to show friendliness towards one another in case it was noticed by the Nazis. He describes how he was arrested on Kristallnacht and subsequently released (perhaps because he was only sixteen years old), and how his father was arrested and imprisoned in Dachau two days later. Kristallnacht was a turning p oint for Jews living in Germany – after this point, says Stone, nobody felt comfortable living in Germany any more. Many of the documents describe similar experiences, and for most of the narrators, anti-Semitism was experienced on a day-to-day basis. For example, Catts and Weinberg say that they or their parents were forbidden to work in German companies or to work at all and Rosenthal describes how her father was forced to do various types of labor. Many of them describe further incidents of segregation of Jews and Germans and general anti-Semitism, some more pervasive than others. Herta Rosenthal, for example, mentions that because she did not â€Å"look Jewish† (Rosenthal, p67) she was able to escape some anti-Semitic behavior – she was served in German shops where her Jewish-looking mother was refused service. Most of the narrators describe incidents of jeering and name-calling at the hands of

Finance For Managers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Finance For Managers - Assignment Example 1 Profitability Ratios â€Å"It is impossible to assess profits or profit growth properly without relating them to the amount of funds (capital) that were employed in making the profits. The most important profitability ratio is therefore return on capital employed (ROCE), which states the profit as a percentage of the amount of capital employed† (BPP 2009). Profitability ratios are usually calculated in order to perform vertical analysis or to compare one year with another. These ratios include net profit margin and gross profit margin, return on capital employed (ROCE), earning per share (EPS) and price earning (P/E) ratio. The net profit margin, gross profit margin and ROCE are the only ones that are relevant for this exercise. The calculations for the four divisions are shown in Table 1 in the Appendix. Profitability The ROCE may be used to assess how well the management of the divisions have performed (BPP 2009, p. 306). Two ratios may be used to help explain ROCE. They a re profit margin and asset turnover. These ratios are described as secondary ratios while ROCE is described as a primary ratio. Profit margin is calculated under profitability while asset turnover has been included with efficiency ratios. ROCE can be used to determine whether the divisions are getting value for money from borrowings to make it worthwhile. Quality Products Division The figures for ROCE suggest that there have been consistent improvements over the three year period. The figures have increased from a negative 6.9% return to a 7.7% return in 2008 and a 9% increase in 2009. However, management indicates that the division needs to achieve a 10% return on investment (ROI) and it is currently below that level. The figures also indicate that the profit margin of the Quality Products Division has improved over the past years from a negative 5.7% in 2007 to 5.7% in 2008 and 6.4% in 2009. The gross profit margin has also increased consistently from 38.9% in 2007 to 40.4% in 200 8 and then to 41.4% in 2009. Kitchen Division There was a significant decline in the ROCE from 16.9% in 2007 to 11.9% in 2008, followed by and small decline to 11.4% in 2009. This is above the 10% ROI that the division needs to achieve. There have been inconsistencies in the profit margin over the period. The profit margin declined from 5.3% in 2007 to 3.6% in 2008. However, there was a marginal increase to 3.9% in 2009. The gross profit margins for the period declined from 39.2% in 2007 to 36.2% in 2008 and increased to 37.6% in 2009, which is not consistent with the changes in net profit. This was due to a more than proportionate increase in cost of sales. Bedroom Division The ROCE declined from 11.8% in 2007 to 11.2% in 2009. This is above the 10% ROI required by management. However, the profit margin is very small even though it increased from 3.5% in 2007 to 4.1% in 2008 and declined to 4% in 2009. This was in spite of the consistent decline in turnover. The gross profit margin increased from 26.4% in 2007 to 31.4% in 2008 and a decline to 29.8% in 2009. This was so because the ratio of cost of sales to turnover was proportionately higher in 2007 then in 2008 and 2009. Office Division The ROCE declined for 14.2% in 2007 to 11.2% in 2008. However, it improved during 2009 to 12.5%. These percentages are above the ROI of 10% required by the management. There was a decline in

Industrial Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Ecology - Essay Example This paper highlights few important issues on industrial pollution and also provides sustainable solution through industrial ecology. (# of words = 115) 5. Developing economies with low levels of industrialization are gradually shifting their dependence from agriculture to the industrial sector, while developed economies, with a high level of industrialization, are shifting from the industrial to the service sector. 6. The production of industrial chemicals has been shifting to the developing world (mostly South Asian countries). In 1990, this industry’s annual rate of growth was 5.6 per cent in the developing countries, compared with a mere 1 per cent in the developed world (State of the Environment - South Asia 2001, 71-86). 7. Water supplies are falling while the demand is dramatically growing at an unsustainable rate. Over the next 20 years, the average supply of water worldwide per person is expected to drop by a third. 9. One litre of wastewater pollutes about eight litres of freshwater. An estimated 12,000 km ³ of polluted water worldwide, which is more than the total amount contained in the world’s ten largest river basins at any given moment. Therefore, if pollution keeps pace with population growth, the world will effectively lose 18,000 km ³ of freshwater by 2050 – almost nine times the total amount countries currently use each year for irrigation, which is by far the largest consumer of the resource. 10. Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world, with three times as many bacteria from human waste as the global average. These rivers have 20 times more lead than those of industrialized countries. 11. Food industry: Producing a fast food lunch--hamburger, french fries, and a soft drink--uses 1500 gallons of water. This includes the water needed to raise the potatoes, the grain for the bun and the grain needed to feed the cattle, and the production of the soda (WWF

Routines and Capabilities of Walt Disney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Routines and Capabilities of Walt Disney - Essay Example The resources of Walt Disney are the firm’s most fundamental characteristics which are their tools and their personality. These are the individual assets of the firm such as items of capital equipment, employee skills, brand names, and the like. The resources are firm-specific assets that are useful for creating a competitive advantage which few competitors can acquire easily. A company that has resources that are valuable, rare, costly to imitate and organized to exploit resources, then the company can sustain its competitive advantage. Organisational resources can be classified into tangible and intangible resources. Tangible resources include cash, financial assets, land and capital equipment. Intangible resources include brand reputation, technology, employee skills and goodwill. Like most firms, Walt Disney recognises the intangible resources as the most valuable and most strategically important items. They invest in training and development of workers, research of new te chnologies, and marketing its brand.

Industrial Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Ecology - Essay Example This paper highlights few important issues on industrial pollution and also provides sustainable solution through industrial ecology. (# of words = 115) 5. Developing economies with low levels of industrialization are gradually shifting their dependence from agriculture to the industrial sector, while developed economies, with a high level of industrialization, are shifting from the industrial to the service sector. 6. The production of industrial chemicals has been shifting to the developing world (mostly South Asian countries). In 1990, this industry’s annual rate of growth was 5.6 per cent in the developing countries, compared with a mere 1 per cent in the developed world (State of the Environment - South Asia 2001, 71-86). 7. Water supplies are falling while the demand is dramatically growing at an unsustainable rate. Over the next 20 years, the average supply of water worldwide per person is expected to drop by a third. 9. One litre of wastewater pollutes about eight litres of freshwater. An estimated 12,000 km ³ of polluted water worldwide, which is more than the total amount contained in the world’s ten largest river basins at any given moment. Therefore, if pollution keeps pace with population growth, the world will effectively lose 18,000 km ³ of freshwater by 2050 – almost nine times the total amount countries currently use each year for irrigation, which is by far the largest consumer of the resource. 10. Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world, with three times as many bacteria from human waste as the global average. These rivers have 20 times more lead than those of industrialized countries. 11. Food industry: Producing a fast food lunch--hamburger, french fries, and a soft drink--uses 1500 gallons of water. This includes the water needed to raise the potatoes, the grain for the bun and the grain needed to feed the cattle, and the production of the soda (WWF

Literature in contemporary societies Essay Example for Free

Literature in contemporary societies Essay The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the Bottom in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter; Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula. Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does not stifle her granddaughters freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sulas mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a new wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesnt communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece; it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends; the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sulas grave at then cemetery as the story comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life; the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nels son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the women’s stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite independent in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nels husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil; she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they dont grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sulas death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin; he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a good woman The black community residing in Medallion; the bottom is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sula’s life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebodys identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The society’s vilification of the heroine Sula who does not fit into the society’s conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. Works Cited Daniel Dawkins: A Character Analysis of Sula; Considering Morrisons Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008http://african-american fiction. suite101. com/article. cfm/a_character_analysis_of_sula Black Community Racism Racist Essays. http:www. 123helpme. com/preview. asp? id=87608 Solomon O. Iyasere and Marla W. Iyasere. Understanding Tony Morrisons Beloved and Sula: Selected Essays and Criticisms of the works of Nobel prize winning author. 2000

Mushroom Fungi Nutritional Content Biology Essay

Mushroom Fungi Nutritional Content Biology Essay INTRODUCTION Mushrooms have been a component of our human diet since time immemorial. They were used as food before man understood the use of other organisms. Certainly mushrooms were one of mans most basic foods, and they were often considered an exotic and luxurious food reserved for the rich. Today mushrooms are food for both the rich and the poor. They can be grown anywhere as long as the conditions for their growth and cultivations are provided. The word mushroom may have different meanings and perspectives in different literatures and geographical territories. Mushroom is defined as a macro fungus with distinct fruit body that can be either epigeous or hypogenous and large enough to be seen with naked eye and to be picked by hand. Mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Mushrooms, a group known as fungi, lack chlorophyll and cannot therefore make its own food. It grows on dead organic matter either parasitically or symbiotically with other living organisms. Among the various mushroom species, button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species.), paddy straw (Volvariella species.), milky mushroom (Calocybe Indica) are most popular among the commercial growers. Mushroom which is a fleshy saprophyte fungus are found growing on damp rotten log of wood trunk of trees, decaying organic matter and in damp soil rich in organic substances. Edible mushroom are highly nutritious and can be compared with eggs, milk and meat. Mushrooms are rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals and called as the vegetarians meat. Mushroom proteins are considered to be intermediate between that of animals and vegetables (Kurtzman, 1976) as it contains all the nine essential amino acids which is required for human body. Mushroom has a high protein content of 25-50%, fat (2-5%), sugars (17-47%), mycocellulose (7-38%), minerals (8-12%) and vitamins such as D, C, B1, B5, B6, niacin and riboflavin. Apart from serving as a protein food, for which they are most popular in Nigeria, mushrooms are also medicinal and have some biotechnology based functions. Many of mushrooms produce a range of metabolites of intense interest to the nutriceutical and pharmaceutical (e.g. antitumour, immunomodulation agents, and hypocholesterol-aemic agents) and food (e.g. flavor compound) industries (Chang, 2007). Many Asian countries use traditionally wild edible mushrooms as delicious and nutritional foods and medicine. Wild edible mushrooms are appreciated not only for texture and flavor but also for their chemical and nutritional characteristics (Sanmee et al., 2003). Cultivated mushrooms have higher protein contents and minerals, low in fat and rich in B vitamins, vitamin D, vitamin K and sometimes vitamins A and C. Because of its oyster like shape Oyster mushroom (i.e. Pleurotus species.) is commonly called as Dhengri in India. Genus Pleurotus belongs to family Tricholomataceae and has about 40 well-recognized species, out of which 12 species are cultivated in different parts of country. Pleurotus is an efficient lignin-degrading mushroom and can grow well on different types of lignocellulolosic materials. Cultivation of this Mushroom is very simple and low cost which gives consistent growth with high biological efficiency. Different species of Pleurotus can grow well in variable temperature conditions; hence they are ideally suited for cultivation throughout the year in various regions of tropical country like India. Among the Pleurotus species, P. sajor caju had been widely studied for the cultivation followed by P. ostreatus. These studies mainly concentrated on the cultivation on wastes of forest and agricultural plants. Almost, all the available, lignocellulosic substances are likely be us ed as substrate for Pleurotus species. Cultivation with slightly variation in the range and combination of the substrates in different part of world based on their availability in abundant and being cheaper in the respective region. The technology can also limit air pollution associated with burning agriculture wastes as well as to decrease environmental pollution due to unutilized agricultural wastes. Pleurotus species represents the third largest group of cultivated edible mushrooms in the world, grown on a variety of plant residues, and they have been found to be nutritionally and gastronomically important. They may be cultivated on a large number of substrates, according to local availability in different regions of the world. Most of these studies focused on the higher yield and quality of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sp. with respect to cultivation times. The cultivation of edible mushrooms offers one of the most feasible and economic method for the bioconversion of agro-lignocellulosic wastes. One of the advantages of the Pleurotus group is their ability to grow on lignocellulosic substrates without the need for a composting or casing layer. Production techniques for these basidiomycetes are well developed and are relatively simple, compared with those used for the most commonly cultivated mushroom. Pleurotus mushrooms, commonly known as oyster mushrooms, grow wildly in trop ical and sub-tropical areas, and are easily arti ¬Ã‚ cially cultivated. They are healthy foods, low in calories and in fat, rich in protein, chitin, vitamins and minerals. They also contain high amounts of ÃŽ ³-amino butyric acid (GABA) and ornithine. GABA is a non-essential amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter whereas ornithine is a precursor in the synthesis of arginine. Extract of P. ostreatus was able to alleviate the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rats and also the extract from P. ostreatus appeared to protect major organs such as the liver, heart, and brain of aged rats against oxidative stress. There are about 40 species of Pleurotus mushrooms and they ranks second among the important cultivated mushrooms in the world. The mushroom cultivation is a profitable agribusiness and Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an edible mushroom having excellent flavour and taste. It belongs to class Basidiomycetes, subclass Hollobasidiomycetidae, order Agricals. It grows wild in the forests of hilly areas and is cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The technology of artificial cultivation of mushroom is somewhat recent innovation; incorporation of non conventional crops in existing agricultural system can help in improving the social as well as economic status of small farmers. Mushrooms are the source of extra ordinary power and virility and have medicinal properties like anticancerous, anticholesteral, antitumorous. Mushrooms are useful against diabetes, ulcer and lungs diseases. It can be grown on agricultural and industrial waste. These wastes can be recycled into food and environment may be less endangered by pollution (Hayes, 1978). Mushroom cultivation is highly labour intensive, short duration crop and land saving, can be welcomed by the poor farmers. At present mushroom production is approximately 1.5 million tons in the world. Every year about 90 tons of mushrooms are exported to Europe from Pakistan. There is need to develop diversified agriculture in the Pakistan. It is unfortune that in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir they have not caught the imagination of the public at large scale to become an important food item, perhaps the reason for not being taken up widely is non availability of mushrooms at low prices and lack of knowledge. The farmers should come forward to cultivate edible mushrooms like Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) on commercial scale to fulfill the requirements of balance diet. The major problem associated with the transfer of technology for mushroom cultivation is the lack of technical know-how for its cultivation. During an investigation of the cultivation of mushroom on agricultural residues, it was found that rice husk sorghum stover, saw dust, cotton waste, cocoa bean shell, and sawdust Gliricidia mixture are suitable substrates for the cultivation of edible mushroom. Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species), the third largest commercially produced mushroom in the world are found growing naturally on rotten wood material. The growing increase in consumption of oyster mushroom is largely due to its taste, medicinal and nutritional properties. Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most produced species, cultivated mainly on sawdust. The unavailability of sawdust and the fact that felling of trees in most regions of the world is prohibited makes it imperative that other sources of substrates be utilised for its cultivation. In the tropics and sub-tropics, large volumes of unused lignocellulosic byproducts can be found. These byproducts are left to rot in the  ¬Ã‚ eld or are disposed o ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ through burning. Cultivation of mushrooms on these by-products may be one of the solutions to transforming these inedible wastes into accepted edible biomass of high market value. Oyster mushrooms are grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that become interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grain (usually rye or millet). This cereal grain/mycelium mixture is called spawn and is used to seed mushroom substrate. Most spawn is made with mycelium from a stored culture, rather than mycelium whose parent was a spore. This is because spores are likely to yield a new strain and performance would be unpredictable. Spawn-making is a rather complex task and not feasible for the common mushroom grower. Spawn of various oyster mushroom species may be purchased from commercial spawn makers who usually provide instructions for its use. Spawn frequently is shipped from the manufacturer to growers in the same aseptic containers used for spawn production. Inoculum for spawn production is frequently produced in polyethylene bags containing a microporous breather strip for gas exchange. Most commercial spawn production companies produce spawn only from inoc ulum that has met strict quality control standards. These standards include verification of inoculum production performance before it is use to produce spawn and insurance of the spawns biological purity and vigor. Mushroom has high protein content of 25-30% and also compasses of Fat (2-5%) my cellulose (7-38%), sugars (17-47%) mineral (8-12%) and vitamins such as D, C, B ,B1 ,B5 ,B6, Nicin, Riboflavin. The known species of fungi are about 69,000 of which about 10,000 species are fleshy macro fungus and only few of these are lethal. About 2000 species are regarded as prime edible mushroom but only 80 of them are grown experimentally ,40 species are cultivated economically and only 20 species are cultivated commercially (Chang, 1999). There are numerous types of substrates used for cultivation of mushroom throughout the world but some important substrates include paddy straw, wheat straw, cotton waste, cotton boll locules, maize straw and chopped leaves etc . It has been reported that mushrooms can grow on chopped cocoa pods, cotton waste, dried chopped maize straw, oil palm (fiber and bunch) wastes, tobacco straw, used tea leaves, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, newsprint, old rags and sawdust. Pakistan is an agricultural country having 70% of its manpower engaged directly or indirectly in agriculture sector but unfortunately we are not able to sustain our agriculture on strong basis. It requires a long term planning to increase our area under cultivation converting baron and arid areas into fertile lands. In such circumstances small cottage industry like mushroom cultivation as well as commercial cultivation will not only ameliorate the miserable conditions of our poor farmers but on the other hand will become a source of foreign exchange. Oyster mushroom is quite easy to cultivate is compared to its other relatives and has more nutritional and medicinal value as compared to vegetables. Oyster mushroom cultivation can play an important role in managing organic wastes whose disposal has become a problem Malnutrition is a problem in developing countries, Mushrooms with their flavour, texture; nutritional value and high productivity per unit area have been identified as an excellent food source to alleviate malnutrition in developing countries. The oyster mushroom Pleurotus species is a saprophytic fungus commercially cultivated throughout the world because of its tasty basidiocarp and simple cultivation technology. It is also one of the choicest white rot fungi for research scientists to investigate. Pleurotus species lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and KalanKayan 1997) its flavour compounds, (Mau et al., 1998). Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated on residues from agricultural crops such as wheat, paddy, cotton, sugar cane or soybean. Consumption of edible mushrooms as food and drug is closely related to the history of mankind. Recently, oyster has been added to the list of commercially produced mushrooms. Edible mushrooms are cultivated worldwide under various climatic conditions. Their total annual production in the world is well over 1.2 million tons. These mushrooms are grown on commercial scale in several countries. However, no systematic start has been made to grow them in Pakistan, which has varied climatic zones and abundance of manpower and agro-waste resources. There are about 5000 different species of mushrooms, of which at least 1220 are reported to be edible.